Signs of swallowing dysfunction include:

• gurgling sounds
• congestion
• spitting or coughing after meals
• an inability to "get the food down "
• weight loss
• pneumonia
• throat clearing
• choking
• a weak voice

Evaluation of swallowing problems may involve a speech pathologist and swallowing tests. Swallowing problems may be minimized by certain strategies:

• Food textures may need to be changed because some foods may be swallowed more easily than others. Sometimes a thickening agent (“Thick-It”) or gelatin can be added to increase bulk and make swallowing much easier.
• Milk products may need to be limited because they "stick" in the throat.
• Moisten food with broth, juice, gravy, or fat to allow a smoother passage.
• Food that is warmer or colder than room temperature may stimulate the swallowing reflex.
• Tip the chin down to slow the entry of food. Tilt the head backwards to hasten its entry.
• Alternate liquid with solid food to help prevent sticking.
• Take only small bites